Developed welfare states are currently affected by multiple crises that are not only related to social inequalities but are also likely to shape the social structure of modern societies in the long run. These include developments such as international conflicts and wars, the climate crisis, pandemics, demographic ageing, the heterogeneous perception of (refugee) migration and how to deal with it, and the increasing popularity of extremist parties. Although modern welfare states have the means to respond to crisis-induced inequalities in the short term and provide to compensatory mechanisms (e.g., short-time work benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic), the current confluence of crises poses